Tratamiento ortésico de luxación de cadera derivada de osteomielitis del cuello del fémur. Presentación de dos casos

La osteomielitis es una inflamación ósea causada principalmente por bacterias. En los casos de osteomielitis del cuello del fémur y artritis séptica concomitante, las complicaciones pueden ocasionar, a largo plazo, acortamiento y deterioro articular considerables. Se describen los casos de dos pacientes neonatos, con manifestaciones de hipertermia como signo común; y solo en uno de ellos limitación del movimiento del miembro inferior derecho, contractura en flexión y aducción, dolorosa a la movilización. El diagnóstico se basó en criterios clínicos, imagenológicos y de laboratorio. El tratamiento consistió en el uso de la férula en abducción, lo cual garantizó la reducción concéntrica de la cabeza del fémur en la cavidad acetabular; esto pudo constatarse mediante seguimiento y control de la reducción, a través de radiografía simple de la pelvis en cada consulta. El diagnóstico precoz de la enfermedad determina el empleo de un tratamiento más conservador, además de minimizar la aparición de complicaciones.

Osteomyelitis is a bone inflammation caused mainly by bacteria. In cases of the femur's neck osteomyelitis and concomitant septic arthritis, complications can lead to considerable joint shortening and deterioration in the long term. The cases of two neonatal patients are described, with hyperthermia manifestations as a common sign; and only in one of them limited movement of the right lower limb, flexion and adduction contracture, painful on movement. The diagnosis was based on clinical, imaging and laboratory criteria. The treatment consisted in the use of the abduction splint, which guaranteed the concentric reduction of the femoral head in the acetabular cavity; this could be verified by monitoring and control of the reduction, through simple radiography of the pelvis in each consultation. The early diagnosis of the disease determines the use of a more conservative treatment, in addition to minimizing complications.

Ultrasound techniques for the detection of developmental dysplasia of the hip: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) encompasses a broad spectrum of hip pathologies, including femoral or acetabular dysplasia, hip instability, or both. According to the medical literature, ultrasonography is the most reliable diagnostic method for DDH. Several techniques for the assessment of hips in newborns and infants, using ultrasonography, have been described. OBJECTIVE: To compare the accuracy of the Graf technique and other diagnostic techniques for DDH. DESIGN AND SETTING: A systematic review of studies that analyzed ultrasound techniques for the diagnosis of DDH within an evidence-based health program of a federal university in São Paulo (SP), Brazil. METHODS: A systematic search of relevant literature was conducted in the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and LILACS databases for articles published up to May 5, 2020, relating to studies evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of different ultrasound techniques for diagnosing DDH. The QUADAS 2 tool was used for methodological quality evaluation. RESULTS: All hips were analyzed using the Graf method as a reference standard. The Morin technique had the highest rate of sensitivity, at 81.12-89.47%. The Suzuki and Stress tests showed 100% specificity. The Harcke technique showed a sensibility of 18.21% and specificity of 99.32%. CONCLUSION: All the techniques demonstrated at least one rate (sensibility and specificity) lower than 90.00% when compared to the Graf method. The Morin technique, as evaluated in this systematic review, is recommended after the Graf method because it has the highest sensitivity, especially with the three-pattern classification of 89.47%. REGISTRATION NUMBER: Identifier: CRD42020189686 at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (identifier: CRD42020189686).

DDC_Calc, software para diagnosticar la displasia del desarrollo de cadera en lactantes (versión 1)

Fundamento la displasia del desarrollo de la cadera constituye la afección más frecuente del desarrollo del sistema musculoesquelético. En el contexto del diagnóstico radiográfico de esta enfermedad en el lactante, las radiografías digitales ofrecen ventajas que pudieran ser aprovechadas para un diagnóstico más preciso. Objetivo describir el funcionamiento del software DDC_Calc para realizar mediciones radiográficas en formato digital. Métodos se realizó un estudio de innovación tecnológica durante el año 2019, en el Hospital Pediátrico Universitario Paquito González Cueto, de Cienfuegos, concretamente en el Servicio de Ortopedia y con la contribución de personal de la Facultad de Matemática, Física y Computación, de la Universidad Central "Marta Abreu", de Las Villas. Se utilizó el algoritmo de visión artificial Viola-Jones para la detección de las estructuras, así como un sistema basado en reglas con vistas a una sugerencia del diagnóstico. Resultados el software integró las herramientas necesarias para la realización de las mediciones utilizadas (ángulos, distancias, posiciones) en el diagnóstico radiográfico de la displasia del desarrollo de cadera. Fueron descritas sus funcionalidades, requisitos y funcionamiento de la aplicación, partiendo de un caso clínico real, todo esto ilustrado con imágenes. Conclusiones el empleo del software facilita la realización de mediciones más exactas por parte del médico, de modo que garantiza mayor calidad en el diagnóstico y la preservación de los hallazgos radiográficos iniciales, los cuales resultan de gran utilidad en el seguimiento radiográfico de la afección en el tiempo.

Background developmental dysplasia of the hip constitutes the most frequent affection for the development of the musculoskeletal system. In the context of radiographic diagnosis of this disease in infants, digital radiographs offer advantages that could be used for a more accurate diagnosis. Objective to describe the DDC_Calc software operation to perform radiographic measurements in digital format. Methods a technological innovation study was carried out during 2019, at the Paquito González Cueto University Pediatric Hospital, in Cienfuegos, specifically in the Orthopedics Service and with the specialists' contribution from the "Marta Abreu" Central University' Mathematics, Physics and Computing Faculty, Las Villas. The Viola-Jones artificial vision algorithm was used for the detection of the structures, as well as a rule-based system with a view to a diagnostic suggestion. Results the software integrated the necessary tools to carry out the measurements used (angles, distances, positions) in the radiographic diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip. Its functionalities, requirements and operation of the application were described, based on a real clinical case, all illustrated with images. Conclusions the use of the software facilitates the performance of more accurate measurements by the doctor, thus guaranteeing higher quality in the diagnosis and the preservation of the initial radiographic findings, which are very useful in the radiographic follow-up of the condition in time.

Imaging measurement and analysis of related indexes of variation of femoral head rotation center / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To provide guidance for hip replacement by analyzing the variation of femoral head rotation center in different hip diseases.@*METHODS@#A total of 5 459 patients were collected from March 2016 to June 2021, who took positive and proportional plain films of both hips for various reasons. The relative position between the rotation center of the femoral head and the apex of the greater trochanter was measured. The positive variation is more than 2 mm above the top of the great trochanter, and the negative variation is more than 2 mm below the top of the great trochanter. A total of 831 patients with variation of femoral head rotation center were collected and were divided into 4 groups according to different diseases, and the variation was counted respectively. There were 15 cases in the normal group involving 10 cases of positive variation and 5 cases of negative variation. There were 145 cases of avascular necrosis of femoral head involving 25 cases of positive variation and 120 cases of negative variation. There were 346 cases of congenital hip dysplasia involving 225 cases of positive variation(including 25 cases of typeⅠ, 70 cases of type Ⅱ, 115 cases of type Ⅲ and 15 cases of type Ⅳ), and 121 cases of negative variation(including 50 cases of crowe typeⅠ, 60 cases of typeⅡ, 10 cases of type Ⅲ and 1 case of type Ⅳ). There were 325 cases of hip osteoarthritis group involving 45 cases of positive variation and 280 cases of negative variation.@*RESULTS@#There was significant difference in variation of femoral head rotation center among the four groups(P<0.05). There was significant difference in variation of femoral head rotation center among different types of congenital hip dysplasia(P<0.05). There were significant differences in cervical trunk angle and eccentricity among different variations of femoral head rotation center(P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The variation of femoral head rotation center is related to cervical trunk angle and eccentricity. The variation of femoral head rotation center is an important factor in hip diseases. The variation of femoral head rotation center is different in different hip diseases. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head and osteoarthritis of the hip were mostly negative variations. With the aggravation of congenital hip dysplasia, the variation of femoral head rotation center gradually changed from negative variation to positive variation.The variation of femoral head rotation center should be paid attention to in the preoperative planning of hip arthroplasty. It is of great significance to select the appropriate prosthesis and place the prosthesis accurately.

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip - Part 1 / Displasia do desenvolvimento do quadril - Parte 1

Abstract Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a condition characterized by changes in joint formation within the last months of intrauterine life or the first months after birth. Developmental dysplasia of the hip presentation ranges from femoroacetabular instability to several stages of dysplasia up to complete dislocation. Early diagnosis is essential for successful treatment. Clinical screening, including appropriate maneuvers, is critical in newborns and subsequent examinations during the growth of the child. Infants with suspected DDH must undergo an ultrasound screening, especially those with a breech presentation at delivery or a family history of the condition. A hip ultrasound within the first months, followed by pelvic radiograph at 4 or 6 months, determines the diagnosis and helps follow-up. Treatment consists of concentric reduction and hip maintenance and stabilization with joint remodeling. The initial choices are flexion/abduction orthoses; older children may require a spica cast after closed reduction, with or without tenotomy. An open reduction also can be indicated. After 18 months, the choices include pelvic osteotomies with capsuloplasty and, eventually, acetabular and femoral osteotomies. The follow-up of treated children must continue throughout their growth due to the potential risk of late dysplasia.

Resumo O termo displasia do desenvolvimento quadril (DDQ) refere-se à condição na qual a articulação sofre alterações na sua formação durante os últimos meses da vida intrauterina ou nos primeiros meses após o nascimento. No espectro de apresentação, varia desde a instabilidade femuroacetabular, passando por estádios de displasia até a completa luxação. O diagnóstico precoce é fundamental para o sucesso do tratamento. A triagem através do exame clínico incluindo manobras apropriadas é imprescindível nos recém-nascidos e nas avaliações subsequentes durante o crescimento da criança. O rastreamento ultrassonográfico é indicado nos bebês sob suspeita clínica e muito mais recomendável naqueles que tiveram apresentação pélvica para o parto ou que tenham antecedentes familiares. A ultrassonografia do quadril nos primeiros meses seguida da radiografia da bacia após o 4° ou 6° mês de vida são os exames que determinam o diagnóstico e auxiliam o seguimento. O tratamento está baseado na obtenção de uma redução concêntrica e na manutenção e estabilização do quadril, propiciando a remodelação articular. Inicialmente, as órteses de flexão/abdução são a escolha; em crianças maiores pode ser necessário o uso de gesso após redução incruenta com ou sem tenotomia; redução aberta pode ser indicada e após os 18 meses as osteotomias pélvicas associadas a capsuloplastia e eventuais osteotomias acetabular e femoral. Crianças tratadas devem ser acompanhadas durante todo o seu crescimento pelo eventual risco de displasias tardias.

Mediciones radiográficas y diagnóstico de la displasia de cadera del lactante mediante visión computacional y sistema basado en reglas / Radiographic Measurements and Diagnosis of Hip Dysplasia in Infants Using Computer Vision and a Rule-Based System

RESUMEN Fundamento el uso de radiografías digitales para el diagnóstico de la displasia del desarrollo de la cadera permite, además del diagnóstico precoz y mayor eficiencia del trabajo, realizar mediciones más precisas, el seguimiento del paciente y la planificación quirúrgica. Objetivo describir una herramienta capaz de detectar estructuras y puntos de interés de forma semiautomática para realizar las mediciones y cálculos necesarios con vistas al diagnóstico de la displasia de cadera en lactantes. Métodos estudio de innovación tecnológica, donde se utilizó el algoritmo de visión artificial Viola-Jones para la detección de las estructuras, así como un sistema basado en reglas con vistas a una sugerencia del diagnóstico. La herramienta propuesta (Software para las mediciones radiográficas con vistas al diagnóstico de la displasia del desarrollo de cadera en lactantes) se encuentra en fase de prueba y explotación en el Hospital Pediátrico Universitario Paquito González Cueto, de Cienfuegos. Para validar los resultados se tomaron estudios radiográficos de 12 casos, a los cuales se aplicaron las mediciones con el método tradicional y luego mediante el software. Resultados se obtuvo un sistema con vistas a determinar estructuras en las imágenes de radiografía de cadera, las cuales permiten obtener puntos y líneas para calcular los indicadores de displasia. La tasa de acierto al detectar las estructuras fue del 100 %. Conclusión existió una alta coincidencia entre las medidas calculadas por el algoritmo y las calculadas manualmente. La correspondencia entre el diagnóstico predicho por el sistema y el emitido por los médicos especialistas también fue elevada.

ABSTRACT Background the use of digital radiographs for the diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip allows, in addition to early diagnosis and greater work efficiency, more precise measurements, patient monitoring and surgical planning. Objective to describe a tool capable of detecting structures and points of interest in a semi-automatic way to carry out the necessary measurements and calculations with a view to diagnosing hip dysplasia in infants. Methods study of technological innovation, where the Viola-Jones artificial vision algorithm was used for the detection of structures, as well as a rule-based system with a view to a diagnosis suggestion. The proposed tool (Software for radiographic measurements for diagnosing developmental dysplasia of the hip in infants) is in the testing and exploitation phase at the Paquito González Cueto University Pediatric Hospital, in Cienfuegos. To validate the results, radiographic studies of 12 cases were chosen, to which measurements were applied using the traditional method and then using the software. Results a system was obtained with a view to determining structures in hip radiography images, which allow points and lines to be obtained to calculate dysplasia indicators. The success rate in detecting the structures was 100%. Conclusion there was a high coincidence between the measures calculated by the algorithm and those calculated manually. The correspondence between the diagnosis predicted by the system and that issued by specialist doctors was also high.

Plantilla para medir la cadera con desarrollo displásico en el lactante / Template for measuring the hip with dysplastic development in the breastfed baby

RESUMEN El éxito del tratamiento de la displasia del desarrollo de la cadera está íntimamente ligado a una intervención temprana, o sea, a un diagnóstico y tratamiento precoces y seguros. El estudio radiográfico tradicionalmente se ha sustentado en la medición de una serie de parámetros, la cual se realiza mediante el goniómetro, marcando directamente en la radiografía. Sin embargo, este procedimiento tiene sus desventajas. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo exponer las características de una plantilla para medir la cadera con desarrollo displásico en el lactante. Se explica cómo proceder con la herramienta propuesta; se argumentan sus posibilidades y metodología de aplicación, y se ilustra su factibilidad desde el punto de vista práctico. La plantilla permite evaluar la cadera del lactante, independientemente de la osificación del núcleo de la cabeza del fémur; así como determinar si la cadera es normal; y en caso de ser patológica, clasificarla en dependencia del grado de severidad de la afección.

ABSTRACT The success of developmental dysplasia of the hip treatment is closely linked to early intervention, that is, early and safe diagnosis and treatment. The radiographic study has traditionally been based on the measurement of a series of parameters, which is carried out using the goniometer, marking directly on the radiograph. However, this procedure has its disadvantage. The present study aims to expose the characteristics of a template to measure the hip with dysplastic development in infants. It explains how to proceed with the proposed tool; its possibilities and application methodology are argued, and its feasibility from a practical point of view is illustrated. The template allows evaluation of the infant's hip, regardless the femoral head nucleus ossification; as well as determines if the hip is normal; and if it is pathological, classifies it depending on the degree of severity of the condition.

Screening results and analysis of risk factors of developmental dysplasia of hip in infants in Tianjin / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:To investigate the Graf classification results and risk factors of infants for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) by B-ultrasound screening in Tianjin.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted from January 2013 to December 2020 using the three-tier maternal and child health care management and the Tianjin maternal and child health information system for the early B-ultrasound screening data of 6-8 weeks old infants. The "2+1" screening model of "primary screening-re-screening-diagnostic treatment" was applied. The positive screening rate and age of infants at the time of referral for treatment in different years and different Graf classifications were analyzed, and the differences in positive infants with different sex, parity, fetal position, mode of production, gestational age, birth weight, and family history were compared. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze risk factors for DDH.Results:A total of 807 889 babies were screened, and 2 039 children (2 841 hips) were detected with B-ultrasound Graf classification count IIa and above, with the positive rate was 2.52‰ (2 039/807 889). Among the abnormal hips, 685 were type IIa(+) hips, 959 were type IIa(-) hips, 367 were type IIb hips, 262 were type IIc hips, 227 were type D hips, 265 were type III hips, and 76 were type IV hips. Type IIa(-) was the most common, accounting for 33.76% (959/2 841), type IIa(+) accounted for 24.11% (685/2 841), type D and above was 19.99%(568/2 841). The abnormality rate of the left hip was 2.02‰ (1 632/807 889), which was greater than 1.50‰ (1 209/807 889) of the right side, and the difference is statistically significant (χ 2=63.09, P<0.001). The rate of hip abnormalities in female infants was 3.27‰ (2 541/777 272), greater than 0.36‰ (300/838 506) in male infants, which the difference between the sexes had statistically significant (χ 2=1 947.871, P<0.001). The positive rate of DDH in male infants was 0.50‰ (209/419 253), and that in female infants was 4.71‰ (1 830/388 636). The detection ratio of male to female infants was 1∶8.76, and the difference in the positive rate of DDH between the sexes was statistically significant (χ 2=1 420.102, P<0.001). Different fetal position (cephalic position/breech presentation), delivery method (normal delivery/cesarean section), birth weight (normal/low weight), family history (with DDH/without DDH) showed statistically significant differences in the positive rate of DDH ( P<0.05), whereas there was no significant difference in the positive rate of DDH at different parity (first/second and above) and gestational age (term/premature) ( P>0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that gender ( OR=10.50, P<0.001) and fetal position ( OR=3.40, P<0.001) were independent risk factors for DDH, and gestational age ( OR=0.91, P<0.001) was a protective factor for DDH. Differences in referral age of infants with different B-ultrasound Graf classification from year to year were statistically significant ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Through the "2+1" screening model of "primary screening-re-screening-diagnostic treatment", the DDH positive rate in 6-8 weeks old infants in Tianjin was 2.52‰, and the positive rate of DDH in female infants and left hip was higher. The more severe the Graf classification of B-ultrasound was, the younger the age of referral was. Women and infants with breech presentation had a higher risk of developing DDH, and the risk of DDH in preterm infants was lower.

Research status of acetabular reconstruction in Crowe type Ⅱ and Ⅲ developmental dysplasia of the hip / 中国骨伤

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a major cause of hip arthritis and ultimately total hip arthroplasty. Due to the dysplastic acetabulum, how to place the acetabular cup becomes a challenge in acetabular reconstruction for such patients. Especially in the acetabula classified as Crowe typeⅡand type Ⅲ, the dislocation of the femoral head causes bone defects above the true acetabulum, which will affect the stability of the acetabular cup when the acetabular reconstruction is performed at the true acetabulum. Many acetabular reconstruction methods such as bone grafting, the use of small acetabular cups, socket medialization technique, and high hip center technique are used to increase the host bone coverage of the cup. However, each method has its own shortcomings that can not be ignored so that there is no unified conclusion on the acetabular reconstruction methods for Crowe typeⅡand type Ⅲ hip dysplasia. This article summarized and evaluated various reconstruction methods in combination with the acetabular morphology of DDH, and put forward the research direction in the future.

Applying the femoral neck-lesser trochanter anteversion to evaluate the proximal femoral deformity of unilateral developmental dislocation of the hip in children / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:A new measurement index, femoral neck-lesser trochanter anteversion (FN-LTA), is proposed. To explore the feasibility and advantage of applying the FN-LTA to evaluate the proximal femoral deformity of unilateral developmental dislocation of the hip in children, so as to solve the current clinical problems.Methods:The imaging data of 90 patients with unilateral DDH admitted to our department from February 2016 to April 2017 were retrospectively analyzed, There were 13 males and 77 females. The age ranged from 0.6 to 11 years, with an average of 2.6±2.3 years. Femoral neck anteversion (FNA) and FN-LTA were measured at the affected and healthy sides. Analyze the correlation between FN-LTA and FNA, analyze the influence of gender, age, side, dislocation degree and other factors on FN-LTA, compare the difference between the affected side and the healthy side of FNA, FN-LTA, and analyze the influence of dislocation degree on this difference, compare the diagnostic efficacy and intra group consistency of FNA and FN-LTA. The possible advantages of FN-LTA in clinical application were preliminarily analyzed.Results:There was a positive correlation between FN-LTA and FNA in both healthy and affected sides (healthy side r=0.217, P=0.040, affected side r=0.298, P=0.004). FNA and FN-LTA in the affected side of DDH children were both larger than the healthy side, FNA affected side 38.86°±11.70°, healthy side 35.44°±11.16°; FN-LTA affected side 72.19°±9.17°, healthy side 61.17°±10.30°. The difference had statistical significance. FN-LTA was not affected by gender, side, degree of dislocation and other factors (gender P=0.060, side P=0.550, degree of dislocation of healthy side P=0.130, affected side P=0.705), but negatively correlated with age (healthy side r=-0.261, P=0.013, affected side r=-0.287, P=0.006). The diagnostic efficiency of FN-LTA is better, AUC FNA=0.561, AUC FN-LTA=0.736 ( P<0.05). FN-LTA and FNA had excellent intra group and inter group consistency. Inter group ICCFNA=0.956, ICCFN-LTA=0.973; intra group ICCFNA1=0.937, ICCFNA2=0.893, ICCFN-LTA1=0.887, ICCFN-LTA2=0.874. With the increase of dislocation degree, the difference between FNA and FN-LTA decreased. This decreasing trend was statistically significant in FNA ( P=0.030) but not in FN-LTA ( P=0.180). Conclusion:FN-LTA is a reliable method with a higher degree of differentiation for the assessment of anteverted deformity in DDH children' proximal end of femur, the measured data are more capable of guiding the rotation of osteotomy.

Risk factors for avascular necorosis after closed reduction of developmental dysplasia of the hips / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:To analyze the risk factors of avascular necrosis (AVN) after closed reduction and spcia casting in treating developmental dysplaisa of the hip (DDH).Methods:The patients with DDH who received closed reduction in our department from January 2016 to December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. The inclusion criteria included aged at reduction ≥6 months, achieving successful reduction, having complete data with more than 2 years follow-up. A total of 48 cases with 54 hips were included in the present study. Among them, there were 2 males and 46 females, 41 unilateral hips and 13 bilateral hips. The mean age at closed reduction was 16.4±3.8 months (range 6-24 months). The mean follow-up duration was 2.9±1.8 years (range 2.3-4.1 years). Closed reduction was conducted under general anesthesia followed with a spcia cast immobilization. The abduction angle of the cast was recorded. The stability of reduction was evaluated by Ramsey safety zone. The maximum abduction and re-dislocation abduction were recorded. The quality of reduction was evaluated by the medial gap and femoral head coverage on intraoperative arthrography and post-reduction MRI. AVN was diagnosed according to Salter criteria. The risk factors of AVN were analyzed by univariate and binary logistic regression analysis.Results:AVN occurred in 12 hips (22.2%) of 54 hips. International Hip Dysplasia Institute (IHDI) grade and the difference between maximum abduction and cast abduction (Max-Cast abduction) were related to the occurrence of AVN in univariate analysis. The incidence of AVN in hips of IHDI grade 4 (42.9%, 9/21) was significantly higher than that in hips of IHDI grade 3 (9.7%, 3/31) (χ 2=6.007, P=0.018). However, the hips of IHDI grade 3 and 2 (0%, 0/2) presented a similar incidence of AVN (χ 2=0.000, P=1.000). The Max-Cast abduction was -0.7°±5.9° in the AVN group and 6.1°±7.6° in the AVN group ( t=2.125, P=0.038). Finally, IHDI grade ( OR=8.256, P=0.015) and Max-Cast abduction ( OR=0.832, P=0.047) were both independent factors of AVN in multivariate analysis. Conclusion:Most of the hips with AVN are IHDI grade 4 after closed reduction for DDH. The abduction angle in a spica cast could not be significantly related to the occurrence of AVN. However, the risk of AVN might be increased when the cast abduction is close to or beyond the maximum abduction. Safe abduction in the cast should be 5 to 10 degrees less than maximum abduction at least.

The effects of periacetabular osteotomy in the treatment of borderline developmental dysplasia of the hip / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:To investigate the effects of periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) in treating borderline developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH).Methods:The patients with borderline DDH [lateral center-edge angle (LCEA): 18°-25°) who received PAO with follow-up duration for more than 2 years from January 2011 to January 2018 in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. The patients in the control group were matched on a 1∶2 ratio based on gender, age, body mass index (BMI) and follow-up duration. There were 66 patients in the 0°≤LCEA<10° group and 66 patients in the 10°≤LCEA<18° group. The LCEA, anterior center-edge angle (ACEA), T?nnis angle, femoral head extrusion index, femoro-epiphyseal acetabular roof (FEAR) index, femoral anteversion angle, West Ontario and McMaster University (WOMAC) index and International Hip Outcome Tool (iHOT-12) were compared among the three groups before operation and the last follow-up.Results:In the preoperative 18°≤LCEA<25° group, three of 33 patients (9.1%) had LCEA, because the only imaging feature suggested acetabular dysplasia, while other parameters were evaluated within the normal range. There were 17 patients with ACEA <20° (51.5%), 24 patients (72.7%) with T?nnis angle >10°, 12 patients (36.4%) with ACEA <20° and T?nnis angle >10°. The positive rate of posterior wall signs in the 18°≤LCEA<25° group (72.7%) was lower than that in the 10°≤LCEA<18° group (77.3%) and the 0°≤LCEA<10° group (90.9%) with statistically significant difference (χ 2=6.417, P=0.040) at preoperation. The positive rate of cross sign (27.3%) and ischial spine sign (48.5%) in the 18°≤LCEA<25° group were higher than those in the 10°≤LCEA<18° group (10.6% and 18.2%, respectively, χ 2=7.002, P=0.030) and the 0°≤LCEA<10° groups (9.1% and 13.6%, respectively, χ 2=16.497, P<0.001). The FEAR index in the 18°≤LCEA<25° group (3.7±8.0) lower than that in the 10°≤LCEA<18° group (4.3±7.9) and the 0°≤LCEA<10° group (11.0±8.8) with significant difference ( F=12.703, P<0.001). In the 18°≤LCEA<25° group, postoperative LCEA increased from 20.4°±1.8° to 37.8°±7.1°, ACEA increased from 18.3°±7.8° to 36.3°±6.3°. T?nnis angle decreased from 12.7°±6.2° to -5.6°±9.2°, the femoral head extrusion index decreased from 22.9%±6.7% to 10.7%±12.2%, the WOMAC index decreased from 20.1±13.4 to 6.0±6.3, and the iHOT-12 score increased from 50.2±19.9 to 90.0±13.7. The above difference before and after surgery was statistically significant ( P<0.05). At the last follow-up, the WOMAC score in the 18°≤LCEA<25° group was 6.0±6.3, wich was less than 10°≤LCEA<18° group (9.3±9.6) and 0°≤LCEA<10° group (12.0±16.0) ( F=6.515, P=0.002). The iHOT-12 score in the 18°≤LCEA<25° group was 90.0±13.7, which was greater than 10°≤LCEA<18° group (77.7±17.3) and 0°≤LCEA<10° group (78.1±20.5) ( F=15.833, P<0.001). Conclusion:After 2 years follow-up, PAO significantly improved bone coverage of femoral head and hip function in patients with borderline DDH. Before surgery, we should pay attention to the comprehensive evaluation of different radiological parameters of the acetabulum, to make better preoperative planning.

Computer-assisted pelvic osteotomy and 3D printing guide plate for developmental dislocation of hip surgery / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:To explore the scheme of accurate pelvic osteotomy parameters and to analyze the feasibility and efficacy of 3D printing navigation plate in developmental dysplasia of the hip surgery.Methods:From January 2015 to December 2017, a total of 18 children with DDH underwent computer-assisted Salter pelvic osteotomy (computer-assisted osteotomy group) and 25 children with DDH who underwent conventional Salter pelvic osteotomy (conventional osteotomy group) were selected for retrospective analysis. There were 11 males and 32 females with an average age of 3.2±2.5 (range 1-11) years. According to International Hip Dysplasia Institute (IHDI) classification, there were 20 cases of type 1, 9 of type 2, 12 of type 3 and 2 of type 4. All patients were unilateral dislocation, including 18 cases on the left and 25 on the right. All children underwent pelvic CT examination before operation. Further, the proximal femur was surgically corrected during the operation. According to the acetabular rotation angle (ATA) and bony acetabular index (BAI), the computer-assisted osteotomy group simulated the operation with Mimics software made 3D printing navigation plate through which an accurate osteotomy scheme was developed. The two groups were compared in operative duration, intraoperative blood loss, Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) hip joint score. Acetabular index (AI), central edge (CE) angle, and acetabulum head index (AHI) were compared between the two groups by using postoperative X-ray. The acetabular tilt angle (ATA) changes before and after operation in the computer-assisted osteotomy group were compared through 3D CT.Results:The follow-up duration was 2.3±0.2 (2.0 to 2.5) years in the computer-assisted osteotomy group and 2.8±0.15 (2.5 to 3.0) years in the conventional osteotomy group. The operative duration in the computer-assisted osteotomy group was 127±20.6 min, which was significantly longer ( t=4.657, P<0.001) than that in the conventional osteotomy group (103±13.2 min). Intraoperative bleeding was 157±17.5 ml in the computer-assisted osteotomy group and 151±15.3 ml in the conventional osteotomy group without significant difference between the two groups ( t=1.195, P=0.239). At 2 years after surgery, the JOA score of the hip joint in the computer-assisted osteotomy group (86.7±8.5 points) was like that (84.8±10.0 points) in the conventional osteotomy group ( t=0.628, P=0.533). At the last follow-up, the CE angle in the computer-assisted osteotomy group (36.8°±5.2°) was significantly larger than that (31.8°±4.4°) in the conventional osteotomy group ( t=3.414, P<0.001). There was statistically significant difference in term of AHI between the computer-assisted osteotomy group (85.8%±6.6%) and the conventional osteotomy group (80.4%±8.3%, t=2.284, P=0.028). AI was 23.5°±5.5° in the computer-assisted osteotomy group and 25.2°±4.2° in the conventional osteotomy group without significant difference ( t=-1.150, P=0.257). The ATA of the affected side was 12.3°±1.4° in the computer-assisted osteotomy group which was similar ( t=0.614, P=0.547) to that of the healthy side (11.8°±2.8°). Conclusion:Based on specific anatomical parameters, computer-assisted preoperative planning can not only directly simulate the process of osteotomy, but also produce individualized 3D printed guide plates. Compared with conventional Salter pelvic osteotomy, computer-assisted osteotomy can achieve accurate radiographic correction of the hip joint in children with DDH, resulting in a better matching relationship between the femoral head and acetabulum.

Effects of periacetabular osteotomy combined with hip arthroscopy in treating developmental dysplasia of the hip / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:To investigate the effects of periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) combined with hip arthroscopy in treating adult developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH).Methods:A total of sixty-one patients with DDH who received PAO surgery were enrolled in the present retrospective study. Of all patients, forty of them were treated by PAO combined with open arthrotomy from December 2015 to June 2018 as arthrotomy group. There were three males and 37 females in this group. Twenty-one DDH patients, including 2 males and 19 females, were treated by PAO combined with hip arthroscopy from July 2018 to June 2019 as arthroscopy group. The average ages were 31.08±11.24 and 33.25±11.70 years, respectively. Radiological parameters before and after surgery were compared between two groups. Modified Harris hip score (mHHS), nonarthritic hip score (NAHS), hip outcome score activity of daily living scale (HOS-ADL) at 6 months and 12 months postoperatively were compared between two groups.Results:The preoperative LCE (lateral center edge) angle, ACE (anterior center edge) angle, T?nnis angle, extrusion index in each group were 8.53°±9.09° vs. 9.15°±10.86°, 13.69°±12.43° vs. 7.18°±15.74°, 20.12°±6.24° vs. 22.13°±8.86° and 38.97%±7.55% vs. 37.64%±10.01% respectively. There was no statistical difference between two groups. Cam deformity (α angle >50°) existed in 17 patients (81%, 17/21) in arthroscopy group and in 31 patients (78%, 31/40) in arthrotomy group without significant difference between two groups (χ 2=0.096, P=0.756). At 12 months follow-up, all radiological parameters were improved from those before surgery. The LCE angle, ACE angle, T?nnis angle, extrusion index were 34.29°±5.07° vs. 32.76°±9.48°, 32.87°±4.23° vs. 30.26°±5.39°, -1.82°±5.88° vs. 2.16°±7.89° and 16.81%±4.53% vs. 18.20%±9.16% between groups without significant difference. The preoperative mHHS, NAHS, HOS-ADL in two groups were 60.38±12.19, 50.90±8.54, 72.23±11.86 and 60.00±13.53, 52.55±7.92, 72.70±12.18 respectively. At 12 months, there was no statistical difference in mHHS between the two groups (87.90±4.34 vs. 86.50±5.11, t=1.135, P=0.261). The NAHS and HOS-ADL in arthroscopy group were higher than those in arthrotomy group at 12 months follow-up (88.71±4.49 vs. 82.17±5.23, t=6.066, P<0.001; 90.33±2.71 vs. 87.12±3.33, t=3.800, P<0.001). Conclusion:During PAO in treating DDH, better short-term clinical results could be achieved when it combined with hip arthroscopy.

The epidemiology of developmental dysplasia of the hip in males / Epidemiologia da displasia do desenvolvimento do quadril no sexo masculino

ABSTRACT Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) is one of the most common orthopedic hip diseases of the pediatric population. There is a predominance in females and patients with known risk factors. Objective: To evaluate the characteristics of DDH in a reference center and compare them with the literature. Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational study based on the review of medical records and radiographs from which epidemiological data such as laterality, age at diagnosis, acetabular index, radiographic classification and others were collected. Results: A total of 297 medical records were found between May 1974 and June 2009. Of those, 147 patients (216 affected hips) were eligible for the survey. Most of the patients came from the state of São Paulo (91.1%), were born in autumn/winter (66.7%), reported as Caucasians (76.9%), with bilateral involvement (46.9%) and mean age at diagnosis of 22.8 months. Conclusion: The most frequent type of DDH was high dislocation (28.7%), and the acetabular index progressively increased with the age. The International Hip Dysplasia Institute classification was found to be more reproducible than Tönnis classification. Delayed diagnosis was associated with the absence of risk factors and with bilaterality. Level of Evidence III, Retrospective comparative study.

RESUMO A displasia do desenvolvimento do quadril (DDQ) é uma das alterações ortopédicas mais frequentes na população pediátrica. Há predominância no sexo feminino e em pacientes com fatores de risco conhecidos. Objetivo: Avaliar as características da DDQ no sexo masculino de um grande centro de referência e cotejá-las com a literatura. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo observacional transversal baseado na revisão de prontuários e radiografias de onde foram coletados dados epidemiológicos tais como lateralidade, idade no diagnóstico, índice acetabular, classificação radiográfica e outros. Resultados: Foram encontrados 297 prontuários no período de maio de 1974 a junho de 2009. Destes, 147 pacientes (216 quadris afetados) foram elegíveis para a pesquisa. A maioria dos pacientes era procedente do estado de São Paulo (91,1%), nascidos no outono/inverno (66,7%), autodeclarados caucasianos (76,9%), com acometimento bilateral (46,9%) e idade média no diagnóstico de 22,8 meses. Conclusão: O tipo de DDQ mais encontrado foi a luxação alta (28,7%); o índice acetabular apresentou-se progressivamente aumentado quanto maior a idade do paciente. A classificação do International Hip Dysplasia Institute mostrou-se mais reprodutível que a Classificação de Tönnis. O atraso no diagnóstico foi associado à ausência de fatores de risco e à bilateralidade. Nível de Evidência III, Estudo retrospectivo comparativo.

Hip pain in childhood / Quadril doloroso na infância

Abstract Hip pain in a child can have infectious, inflammatory, traumatic, neoplastic, or developmental causes, which can make the diagnosis challenging. Meticulous history taking and a detailed clinical examination guide the radiological investigation. In this article, we address some of the main causes of hip pain in childhood and their findings on diagnostic imaging.

Resumo A dor do quadril na criança pode resultar de causas infecciosas, inflamatórias, traumáticas, neoplásicas ou de desenvolvimento, por vezes gerando desafios diagnósticos. Uma história meticulosa e um exame clínico detalhado orientam a investigação radiológica na direção apropriada. Neste artigo abordaremos algumas das principais doenças do quadril doloroso na criança e seus achados nos exames de imagem.

Measurement of femoral neck anteversion of developmental dislocation of hip in children by 3D printing technique / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the method and accuracy of measuring the femoral neck anteversion in children with developmental dislocation of the hip by using 3D printing technology, so as to find out the method of measuring the femoral neck anteversion accurately and guide the formulation of the operation plan.@*METHODS@#From June 2016 to September 2018, 17 patients with unilateral developmental dislocation of the hip were enrolled in the study, including 2 males and 15 females, aged 2 to 13 (5.47±0.81) years old, 11 on the left and 6 on the right. The methods of CT, 3D printing and intraoperative anteversion of femoral neck were used to measure the anteversion of femoral neck respectively. The intraoperative measurement was used as the standard reference value forstatistical analysis, and the accuracy of the first two methods was compared.@*RESULTS@#The average value of CT was (36.00±1.66)°, the average value of model method was(43.91±1.62)°, and the average value of intraoperative method was(44.21±1.62)°. There were significant differences in CT measurement, model measurement and intraoperative measurement(0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Compared with the traditional CT method, the 3D printing model method is simpler, more accurate and more repeatable, and can simulate the operation before operation. It is an ideal method to measure the femoral neck anteversion.

Orthopedic assessment of the hips in newborns after initial pediatric survey / Avaliação ortopédica dos quadris de recém-nascidos após exame pediátrico inicial alterado

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze and follow-up patients previously selected by pediatricians at the time of birth who presented altered initial physical examination results to identify the pathological changes in their hips. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted involving 34 newborns (68 hips) out of a total of 1273 live births; these infants were assessed within the first days of life as altered findings were noted in the initial examination by the pediatrician. The results of clinical and ultrasonographic examination performed using the GRAF method and of specific treatments were analyzed. Results: Of the 68 hips in 34 patients, 2 hips in 2 patients required intervention using the Pavlik harness for 8 weeks; a satisfactory treatment outcome was obtained in both cases. Conclusions: Despite the low orthopedic workload in medical courses, it was possible to identify data consistent with the literature, both in the presentation of clinical findings and in those that required treatment, indicating that an initial evaluation of all newborns is mandatory, especially those with risk factors. Level of evidence IV, case series.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar e acompanhar os pacientes previamente selecionados por pediatras desde o nascimento, em busca de alterações patológicas nos quadris, naqueles considerados com exame físico inicial alterado. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo, iniciado nos primeiros dias de vida, em 68 quadris de 34 recém-nascidos, de um total de 1.273 nascidos vivos no ano da pesquisa, devido a alguma alteração no exame inicial do pediatra. Primeiramente, foram utilizados exame clínico e ultrassonográfico, com o método de Graf, tendo sido instituído tratamento específico naqueles que se fizeram necessários. Resultados: Dos 68 quadris em 34 pacientes, dois quadris em dois pacientes distintos necessitaram de intervenção com uso do suspensório de Pavlik por 8 semanas, obtendo resultado satisfatório em ambos após o término do tratamento. Conclusão: Apesar da baixa carga horária da Ortopedia nos cursos de medicina, podem-se observar dados condizentes com a literatura, tanto na apresentação de achados clínicos, quanto nos que se fez necessário o tratamento, de forma que se mostra necessária a realização de avaliação inicial adequada de todos os recém-nascidos, em especial naqueles que possuem fatores de risco. Nível de evidência IV, Série de casos.

Avaliação ortopédica e ultrassonográfica da estabilidade dos quadris de recém-nascidos encaminhados por pediatras, com suspeita de Displasia Típica do Desenvolvimento / Orthopedic and ultrasound assessment of hip stability of newborns referred by pediatricians with suspected Developmental Dysplasia

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar recém-nascidos com suspeita de instabilidade do quadril, encaminhados por pediatras a um serviço ortopédico terciário. Métodos: recém-nascidos de uma maternidade pública universitária, com suspeita de instabilidade ou fatores de risco para displasia do quadril, eram encaminhados ao Departamento de Ortopedia e Anestesiologia, Ribeirão Preto/SP, onde eram avaliados clinicamente e através de exames ultrassonográficos dos quadris. Constatada a displasia, iniciava-se o tratamento, e em casos em que havia apenas imaturidade do quadril e exame clínico normal, procedia-se à observação e re-exame clinico e ultrassonográfico com dois ou três meses de vida. Resultados: foram examinados 448 recém-nascidos, com predominância feminina e média de idade na primeira avaliação de 27 dias. A principal causa do encaminhamento foi apresentação pélvica. Em 8% havia sinal de Ortolani positivo e em 12,5% estalido no quadril. No exame ortopédico, 405 (90,5%) pacientes eram normais, 8,5% apresentavam estalido no quadril e 1,1% apresentavam teste de Ortolani positivo. À ultrassonografia, 368 (89,5%) apresentavam imaturidade, 26 (6,3%) tinham displasia moderada e em 17 (4,1%) pacientes os quadris eram francamente displásicos. Todos os casos com sinal de Ortolani positivo apresentavam quadro ultrassonográfico de displasia. Conclusão: houve excesso de diagnóstico de instabilidade do quadril na avaliação do pediatra, o que, no entanto, permitiu ao paciente uma segunda avaliação, em ambiente mais especializado e com mais recursos tecnológicos.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate newborns with suspected hip instability, referred by pediatricians to a tertiary orthopedic service. Methods: newborns from a public university maternity hospital, with suspected instability or risk factors for hip dysplasia, were referred to the Department of Orthopedics and Anesthesiology, Ribeirão Preto/SP, where we evaluated them clinically and through ultrasound examinations of the hips. Once we found dysplasia, we initiated treatment, and in cases in which there was only hip immaturity and normal clinical examination, we performed clinical and ultrasound observation and review at two or three months of age. Results: we examined 448 newborns, with female predominance and average age at first evaluation of 27 days. The main cause of referral was pelvic presentation at delivery. In 8% there was a positive Ortolani sign and in 12.5%,. At orthopedic examination, 405 (90.5%) patients were normal, 8.5% had hip click and 1.1% had positive Ortolani test. At ultrasound, 368 (89.5%) had immaturity, 26 (6.3%) had moderate dysplasia and in 17 (4.1%) patients the hips were frankly dysplastic. All cases with positive Ortolani sign showed dysplasia at ultrasound. Conclusion: there was an excess diagnosis of hip instability in the pediatrician evaluation, which, however, allowed the patient a second assessment, in a more specialized environment and with more technological resources.

Biomechanical study of the initial stability of acetabular cup with different acetabular rim defects for developmental dysplasia of hip / 中华骨科杂志

Objective@#To investigate the effects of acetabular coverage on the initial stability of the cup during total hip arthroplasty in developmental dysplasia of hip.@*Methods@#There were 50 fourth-generation synthetic hemi-pelvises. The different cup coverage rate (100% group, 70% group, 60% group, 50% group, 40% group) was created in pelvis with 10 specimens per group. The synthetic hemi-pelvis was fixed rigidly to a customized fixture which was placed on the testing table of the material testing machine. Pull-out and torque test were conducted by computer-control in torsion testing machine.@*Results@#In the acetabular cup pull-out test, the average pull-out force for mode of failure in 100%, 70%, 60%, 50%, and 40% group was 1 560.4±438.7, 1 467.2±349.8, 1 137.8±427.4, 737.4±134.8, 506.6±119.0 N, respectively. The pull-out force was reduced gradually. The pull-out force in 100% group was significantly higher than that in 50% (P=0.004) and 40% (P=0.001) group. The pull-out force in 70% group was significantly higher than that in 50% group (P=0.002) and 40% group (P=0.000). The force in 40% group was significantly lower than that in 60% group (P=0.013) and 50% group (P=0.021). In the acetabular cup torque test, the average torque for mode of failure in 100%, 70%, 60%, 50%, and 40% group was 28.0±3.7, 17.0±2.2, 9.4±1.1, 7.6±1.1, 6.4±1.1 N·m, respectively. The torque was reduced gradually. The torque in 100% group was significantly higher than that in other groups (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between 50% and 40% group (P>0.05). The torque in other groups were similar (P>0.05).@*Conclusion@#The present biomechanical study showed that different acetabular cup coverage rate affected the initial stability of the cup. The highest initial stability was observed in the cup with a 100% of cup coverage rate. The cup could not obtain 100% coverage when with acetabular rim defect. We should try our best to make the cup coverage reach to 70%. The 70% coverage rate has sufficient initial stability to meet daily activities without increasing the cup loosening rate.